Abstract: The carbon fiber composite thin-walled cylinder has the characteristic of each anisotropy heat conduction, and axial thermal conductivity is an important parameter for theoretical calculation of temperature field and optimization of forming process. The carbon fiber composite cylinder has great difficulty in heating and heat transfer due to its small cross-section area. Based on the national standard of thermal conductivity testing of plate materials and Fourier one-dimensional steady-state thermal conductivity principle, a set of equipment for the axial thermal conductivity of thin-walled cylinder was designed in this paper. The effective heat conduction along the axis of the cylinder was realized by means of symmetrical heating, radiation heat transfer protection and convection control of the double specimens. The axial thermal conductivity of carbon fiber composite thin-walled cylinder is (4.60±0.13) W/(m•K).