Abstract: Explosive and nuclear terrorism attacks have seriously threatened our safety and economic development. In the field of anti-terrorism, China Institute of Atomic Energy (CIAE) carried out research on the high sensitivity, low power consumption, intelligent and networked detection technology of radioactive material. Using neutron, X-ray backscattering and nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR) technology, the rapid and effective detection technology of explosives and other contraband was carried out. Breakthroughs occurred in the key technologies of progressive hybrid multivariate iterative algorithms and competitive weighted spectrum analysis technology, rapid identification technology for characteristic elements of explosive under strong interference condition, discontinuous reconstruction time window technology, on-line energy calibration technology of fast neutron for explosive detection system, double-fitting method in rapid radioactive inspection system, composite detection technology for wide energy range and X-ray scanning construction method. Varieties of advanced nuclear anti-terrorism and security equipments with independent intellectual property rights were developed and widely applied, where performance and technical characteristics of equipment reach the level of the congener foreign products. The future development direction of CIAE in the field of nuclear anti-terrorism and security technology is proposed.