Abstract:
Accident tolerant fuel (ATF) attracts extensive attention in recent years, which can provide longer accident response time and mitigate the impacts of accidents. ATF improves the safety of nuclear power plants, especially the safety performance of fuel in accident conditions, without reducing economic efficiency. Microcell UO2 pellets belong to the technical direction of doping modification of UO2 pellet among ATFs. In microcell UO2 pellets, metals or nonfuel oxides form a thinwalled continuous network structure, encapsulating UO2 particles, and enhancing the retention capability of highly radioactive and corrosive fission products. Based on the worldwide research progress of microcell pellets, and considering the thermophysical properties, phase stability and neutron absorption cross section, a kind of tungsten (W) added ceramic microcell UO2 pellet was designed in this paper. By powder metallurgy processes including blending with threedimensional blender, forming with automatic pressing machine and sintering in hydrogen sintering furnace, W added ceramic microcell UO2 pellets were prepared. By randomly sampling and analyzing the chemical composition of the upper, middle and lower layers of the blended powders of UO2, W and nonfuel oxide (Al2O3 or TiO2) after threedimensional blending, blend uniformity was studied. In addition, the microstructure, density and thermophysical properties of W added ceramic microcell UO2 pellets were studied by Xray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Archimedes’ principle, simultaneous thermal analysis (STA) and laser pulse thermal conductivity meter analysis. Besides, the Cs absorption experiment of the pellets was conducted by burying both W added ceramic microcell pellets and conventional UO2 pellets into cesium chloride (CsCl), heating to 650 ℃ and maintaining for 3 h. The element distribution of the pellets after Cs absorption experiment was analyzed by energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS). The results show that after threedimensional blending, the chemical composition of the blended powders is uniform and good blending effect is achieved. The uniformity of W component in UO28.5W(0.5/1.0)Al2O3 and UO28.5W(0.5/1.0)TiO2 is within ±10%, and the relative deviation of Al and Ti contents among the layers is below 10%. Four kinds of pellets prepared by forming and sintering with these blended powders have good appearance without obvious cracks. Microstructural study shows that the pellets added with Al2O3 powder (whose average particle size is 8.982 μm) do not form microcell structure. Meanwhile, the pellets added with TiO2 powder (whose average particle size is 2.890 μm) form microcell structure. It is inferred that the particle size of nonfuel oxide is the key factor which determines whether microcell structure can be formed. The W added ceramic microcell UO2 pellets have a density beyond 95% of the theoretical value. The thermal conductivity of UO28.5W1.0TiO2 pellets with microcell structure is equivalent to that of the conventional UO2 pellets. Cs absorption experiment show that Cs is enriched in the TiO2 microcell structure after being absorbed by W added ceramic microcell UO2 pellets. It is demonstrated that TiO2 microcell structure has a larger Cs absorption capacity. Therefore, this work demonstrates the feasibility of the design, preparation and application of W and nonfuel oxide added microcell UO2 pellets.