Abstract: With the comprehensive expansion of lunar exploration and development, the construction of lunar research stations has gradually commenced. Providing reliable, sustainable, and long-life power supply for lunar research stations is a prerequisite. The nuclear reactor power system, characterized by its ability to adapt to various latitudes on the moon and alternating long periods of daylight and darkness, is considered the most promising solution for the primary power source of lunar research station energy systems, owing to its continuous provision of high-power output, high-energy density, and long-life. In this paper, the evolution of human lunar exploration was briefly summarized, followed by an introduction to the environmental conditions and energy requirements encountered by lunar research station power systems. The structure and operating principles of lunar nuclear reactor power systems were then presented. The conceptual designs and development stages of various domestic and international lunar research station nuclear reactor power systems were reviewed. Finally, the future prospects for the development of nuclear reactor power systems for lunar applications were discussed, with suggestions offered based on technological advancements and application needs.