国际快堆发展综述

Review on Development of Sodium-cooled Fast Reactor Worldwide

  • 摘要: 快堆着眼于铀资源的高效利用和放射性废物最小化管理,是核能发展的高阶阶段。因此,在第4代核能系统的6种堆型中,有3种是快堆。在历经多年发展之后,从全球来看,快堆中的钠冷快堆已完整走过实验堆、原型堆和示范堆,系统性解决了技术和配套体系问题,其工程化水平已处于商业化前夜。快堆规模化推广,将打破核能发展的天花板,238U的利用使得核能总资源量达到全球已知化石能源总和的5.6倍,可以在千年尺度上解决全球能源问题。同时,快堆的推广也将为清洁能源体系的建立、双碳目标的实现打下坚实基础。本文综述了国际快堆技术的发展概况,提出第4代核能系统——快堆在安全性、可持续性、经济性和核燃料循环体系建立等方面面临的技术挑战与突破,并指出快堆未来的发展趋势。

     

    Abstract: Fast reactors focus on the goal of efficient utilization of uranium and the minimization of radioactive waste, which is an advanced stage in the development of nuclear energy. Therefore, three of the six reactor concepts for generation-Ⅳ nuclear energy systems are fast reactors. Through decades of development around the world, sodium-cooled fast reactors (SFR) have completely developed through experimental, prototype, and demonstration reactors’ stage, solving technical and engineering system problems systematically, and towards the commercialization stage. The promotion of fast reactors will break the limitation of nuclear energy, and the use of 238U will make the total resource of nuclear energy reach 5.6 times the sum of all fossil fuels, which can solve global energy problems on a millennium scale. Meanwhile, the promotion of fast reactors will also play a key role in establishing a clean energy system and the achievement of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals. This paper provides an overview of the development of fast reactors worldwide, highlighting the technical challenges and breakthroughs of fast reactors in terms of safety, sustainability, economy, and the establishment of nuclear fuel cycle systems. It also points out the development trends of fast reactors in the future.

     

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