超铀核素致伤口放射性污染内照射剂量评价关键技术研究

Key Technologies for Internal Radiation Dose Evaluation in Wound Contaminated by Transuranic Nuclide

  • 摘要: 为了有针对性地解决目前诸如乏燃料后处理、放射性同位素生产等领域中可能造成的人员伤口摄入超铀核素致内污染评价模式、方法不明确及参数缺失的问题,本工作开展了超铀核素致伤口放射性污染内照射剂量评价关键技术研究。将NCRP(美国辐射防护委员会)伤口生物动力学与ICRP(国际放射防护委员会)胃肠道、超铀核素系统输运模型相耦合,建立了伤口摄入致剂量评价模式和方法,并以典型超铀核素241Am为例,通过建立的模式分析估算了7种不同类型致伤污染物(极易可溶类(weak)、中度可溶类(moderate)、强可溶类(strong)、不易溶类(avid)、胶体(colloids)、颗粒(particles)和碎片(fragment))及其在5种不同伤口类型(深穿刺(i.m.)伤口、皮下穿刺(s.c.)伤口、撕裂(lacerated)伤口、擦伤(abraded)伤口、热烧伤伤口)下的滞留特征评价参数。研究结果显示,不同类型超铀核素伤口污染物迁移入血速率呈现出如下规律:极易可溶类>中度可溶类>强可溶类>不易溶类>胶体>颗粒>碎片,不同类型伤口中污染物迁移入血速率呈现出如下规律:深穿刺伤≈皮下穿刺伤>撕裂伤≈擦伤>烧伤。此外,研究还发现,考虑了人体内多器官多系统耦合的伤口放射性污染内照射剂量评价模式与NCRP单伤口生物动力学输运模式估算的滞留份额存在一定差异,该差异随摄入时间的增加及致伤污染物可溶性的降低而增加,实际伤口评价时应根据剂量评估工作的时效性或对致伤污染物的了解程度综合权衡选用。本研究解决了伤口摄入超铀核素致内照射剂量评价具体实施中的技术难题,是我国内照射剂量评价体系的重要补充。

     

    Abstract: In order to solve the lack of evaluation mode, method and parameter for internal radiation dose evaluation in wound contaminated by transuranic nuclide in facilities and production lines such as spent fuel reprocessing and nuclear technology making radioactive sources, the key technologies for internal radiation dose evaluation in wound contaminated by transuranic nuclide were studied. A new model and method for evaluating the dose caused by wound were established by coupling NCRP wound biodynamics with ICRP gastrointestinal tract and transuranic nuclide system transport models, the 241Am retention characteristics for seven different types of wound-causing contaminants (soluble weak, soluble moderate, soluble strong, soluble avid, colloid, particles and fragments) and five different types of wounds (deep puncture wounds, subcutaneous puncture wounds, lacerations, abrasions and thermal burns) were recommended for the first time through model analysis. The results show that the internal radiation dose evaluation joint transport model for wound considers the combined kinetic transport of multiple organs and systems in human body, and compared with the NCRP single wound biodynamic transport mode, the difference in the retention caused by some contaminant types (such as particle) in the long-term (>1 000 days) is about 2 times, which cannot be ignored in the retrospective dose evaluation after a certain period of wound intake. Therefore, it is suggested that the default wound retention ratio coefficient and transfer rate parameters of NCRP could be used for prospective wound dose assessment without knowing the physicochemical morphology and composition of contaminated radionuclides, but for retrospective dose assessment after radioactive contaminated wound intake for a certain period of time or in the case of known information of contaminants, the internal radiation dose evaluation joint transport model from wound established in this work should be used to carry out follow-up wound dose evaluation to improve the evaluation accuracy. Secondly, the estimation of characteristic parameters of wound intake for 241Am shows that the migration rates of different types of wound contaminants into the blood were satisfied as soluble weak>soluble moderate>soluble strong>soluble avid>colloid>particle>fragments. And the migration rates of different types of wound into blood were satisfied as deep puncture wounds≈subcutal puncture wounds>lacerations≈ abrasions>burns. In order to facilitate the application of radiation protection evaluation, the retention ratio coefficient and transfer rate parameters were fitted and recommended for the retention characteristic data estimated by internal dose evaluation joint transport model from wound for 241Am. This study fills the gap for internal radiation dose evaluation in wound contaminated by transuranic nuclide in China, enriches the range of wound dose evaluation parameters, solves the specific technical problems in the internal radiation dose evaluation of transuranic nuclide-induced wound, and is an important supplement to the internal radiation monitoring and dose evaluation system in China.

     

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