Abstract: Following the Fukushima nuclear accident, extensive international reviews and analyses have been conducted, yielding valuable lessons for improving nuclear emergency management. Over the past decade, China’s nuclear emergency technology framework has achieved significant advancements. To further optimize this framework, this paper first synthesized critical experiences and lessons from the Fukushima nuclear accident, focusing on nuclear emergency response protocols, contingency planning, and technological applications. Subsequently, it examined the developmental progress and persistent challenges in China’s nuclear emergency organizational system, nuclear accident consequence assessment methodologies, radiation monitoring technologies, radiation protection countermeasures, and emergency robotics. Finally, strategic recommendations are proposed for enhancing nuclear emergency systems and technological capabilities in the post-Fukushima era, encompassing emergency preparedness mechanisms, technological innovation pathways, and public communication strategies.