Abstract: Radiochemistry, as a critical branch of nuclear science and technology, plays an irreplaceable role in energy development, environmental protection, and medical applications. This paper systematically reviews the development of radiochemistry in China since the 1950s, with particular emphasis on the foundational work conducted under the “Two Bombs, One Submarine” initiative (the “Two Bombs” referring to atomic bombs and hydrogen bombs, and the “One Submarine” referring to nuclear-powered submarines) and the subsequent systematization and engineering of radiochemical technologies during the reform and opening-up era. The study highlights the pivotal role of the China Institute of Atomic Energy (CIAE) in fundamental research, technological breakthroughs, infrastructure development, talent training, and international cooperation. Looking ahead, the paper calls for the strengthening of indigenous innovation, the promotion of interdisciplinary integration, and the advancement of high-level research platforms to ensure the high-quality development and globally competitive capabilities of China’s radiochemistry.